Iko Kushanduka uye Kukosha kweMaraiti eMusoro muKuchengetedza Kwemotokari

Kubva pakagadzirwa mota,marambi emberidzakashanduka kubva kunzira iri nyore yekuvhenekera mugwagwa husiku kuenda kune yakaomesesa chikamu chinoita basa rakakosha mukuchengetedzeka kwemotokari uye dhizaini. Seimwe yenzira dzinonyanya kukosha dzekuvheneka pamotokari, marambi emberi haangoiti kuti vatyairi vaonekwe chete asiwo anoita kuti motokari dzinyanye kuoneka kune vanofamba netsoka, vanochovha mabhasikoro, uye vamwe vatyairi—kunyanya mumamiriro okunze asina kunaka, kana kuti mambakwedza nemasikati.

Mazuva ekutanga emarambi emotokari airatidzwa nekureruka uye nekugumira. Mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 19, motokari dzekutanga dzaitsamira pamarambi emafuta kana marambi egasi, akafanana neaya aishandiswa pazvingoro zvinodhonzwa nemabhiza. Marambi aya aibudisa chiedza chisina kujeka, chaipenya chaiita kuti usanyanya kuoneka, zvichiita kuti kutyaira usiku kuve nengozi. Pakazosvika zana remakore rechi20, marambi emagetsi akatanga kutsiva avo akatangira pakupisa. Magetsi ekutanga emagetsi, akaunzwa muna 1912, aive incandescent bulbs aifambiswa nebhatiri remotokari, achipa chiedza chakajeka uye chinoenderana. Zvisinei, vakanga vachine zvipingamupinyi: vakapedza simba guru, vakagadzira kupisa, uye kupenya kwavo kwakaderera nekufamba kwenguva.

Kwemakumi emakore, kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji kwakashandura dhizaini yekugadzira uye kuita. Pakati pezana ramakore rechi20 pakaiswa marambi emberi akavharwa, ayo akabatanidza girobhu, reflector, uye lenzi kuita chinhu chimwe chete. Iyi dhizaini yakavandudza kusimba uye kuderedza zvinodiwa zvekugadzirisa, sezvo gungano rose rakatsiviwa pakatsva girobhu. Mumakore ekuma1980, marambi emusoro akaumbwa akabuda, achibvumira kuchinjika masitaera uye kugovera kwechiedza kuri nani. Aya marambi emusoro akapatsanura girobhu kubva kune inoratidzira uye lens, zvichiita kuti ma automaker agadzire akapfava, anowedzera aerodynamic dhizaini uku achikwenenzvera kubuda kwechiedza.

Nhasi, mota dzemazuvano dzakashongedzerwa neakasiyana emhando yepamusoro tekinoroji, imwe neimwe ichipa yakasarudzika mabhenefiti. Mwenje weHalogen, wakave wakapararira muma1970, shandisa tungsten filament yakavharirwa muhalogen gasi rakazara girobhu. Zvinokwanisika kutenga, zviri nyore kutsiva, uye zvinopa chiedza chinodziya, cheyero chinozivikanwa nevatyairi vakawanda. Nekudaro, iwo haashande nesimba uye ane hupenyu hupfupi kana achienzaniswa neazvino matekinoroji.

Xenon HID (High-Intensity Discharge) magetsi, akaunzwa muma1990s, anomiririra kusvetuka kumberi. Magetsi emberi aya anoshandisa arc yemagetsi pakati pemaelectrode maviri mugirobhu rakazara gasi rexenon kuburitsa chiedza chakajeka, chichena chinonyatsotevedzera chiedza chemasikati chaiwo. HID headlights inopa kuoneka kuri nani, kureba, uye kuderera kwesimba rekushandisa pane halogen bulbs. Ivo zvakare vane hupenyu hurefu, zvichiita kuti vave sarudzo yakakurumbira yemotokari dzeumbozha uye dzepamusoro-soro. Nekudaro, mutengo wavo wakakwira uye kupenya kunokwanisa kune vatyairi vari kuuya zvinotaridza madhiri.

Iyo yazvino hunyanzvi mune tekinoroji yemwenje ndeye LED (Chiedza-Emitting Diode) mwenje. Ma LED ari semiconductor zvishandiso zvinoburitsa chiedza kana magetsi achipfuura nepakati pavo. Iwo ane simba-anoshanda zvakanyanya, anopedza simba rinosvika 80% mashoma pane halogen bulbs, uye ane hupenyu hwakareba kwazvo-kazhinji hunogara hupenyu hwese hwemotokari. Mwenje ye LED inoburitsa crisp, chena mwenje inosimudzira musiyano uye inoderedza kunetsa kwemaziso kune vatyairi. Pamusoro pezvo, saizi yavo yecompact inobvumira vanogadzira auto kugadzira akaomesesa maumbirwo emwenje, achiwedzera kukwezva kwemotokari. Mazhinji masisitimu emazuva ano e LED anoratidzawo tekinoroji inogadzirisa, senge adaptive pamberi-mwenje masisitimu (AFS), ayo anogadzirisa gwara uye kusimba kwechiedza zvichienderana nekumhanya kwemotokari, kona yekutungamirira, uye mamiriro akatenderedza. Semuyenzaniso, pakutendeuka, AFS inotenderedza mwenje wemberi kuti ivhenekere curve, ichivandudza kuoneka kwakatenderedza mabhendemu.

Kupfuura kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji, marambi emberi ari pasi pemirau yakasimba kuti ave nechokwadi chekuchengetedza uye kuderedza kupenya. Hurumende nemasangano epasi rese, akadai seSosaiti yeMotokari Engineers (SAE) neUnited Nations Economic Commission yeEurope (UNECE), vakaisa zviyero zvekupenya kwemwenje wemusoro, danda patani, uye kuiswa. Mitemo iyi ine chinangwa chekuenzanisa kudiwa kwekuonekwa kwakakwana kwemutyairi nekuchengetedzwa kwemotokari inouya kubva kune yakanyanyisa kupenya, iyo inogona kukonzera upofu hwekanguva uye kuwedzera njodzi yetsaona.

Kukosha kwemwenje mukuchengetedza motokari hakugone kuwedzeredzwa. Zvinoenderana neNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), chikamu chikuru chetsaona dzemotokari dzinoitika panguva dzakadzika-chiedza, uye kushandiswa kwakakodzera kwemwenje kunogona kuderedza njodzi yetsaona idzi. Pamusoro pekuvheneka mugwagwa, marambi emberi anoratidzawo kuvepo kwemotokari kune vamwe, izvo zvakakosha mumamiriro ekunze asina kunaka akadai semvura, mhute, kana sinou. Dzimwe mota dzemazuvano dzinoratidzawo mwenje wemasikati (DRLs), iwo malights akadzika-simba anogara akabatidza masikati ho.